quantifiers

Instructions: Choose the correct answer, and rewrite as comments.

 

1.                   Have we got (any / a little) honey jars in the fridge? 

2.                   There (are / is )  (a little / many) ice cream. 

3.                   Have we got (any / a few) cheese in the fridge? 

4.                   We haven’t got (a little / any) apples in the basket.  

5.                   There are (a little / a lot of ) children in the garden. 

6.                   Sandy has got  (a few / a lot of ) money in the bank.

Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself. Here are some more uncountable nouns:

• music, art, love, happiness
• advice, information, news
• furniture, luggage
• rice, sugar, butter, water
• electricity, gas, power
• money, currency

We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. For example:

• This news is very important.
• Your luggage looks heavy.

We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns. We cannot say "an information" or "a music". But we can say a "something" of:

• a piece of news
• a bottle of water
• a grain of rice

We can use some and any with uncountable nouns:

• I've got some money.
• Have you got any rice?

We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:

• I've got a little money.
• I haven't got much rice.

clauses of contrast and purpose

 

 

EXPRESSING REASON, PURPOSE AND CONTRAST

Reason

1.   We can begin a clause to give reason with these words: 

1.   As it was getting late, I decided I should go home. 

2.   We must be near the beach, because I can hear the waves. You can begin a sentence with because: Because everything looked different, I had no idea where to go.

So is also commonly used to express the same meaning: My mother's arrived, so I won't be anle to meet you on Thursday after all. 

3.   Since he was going to be living in Sweden for some time, he thought he should read something about the country. (Rather formal) 

4.   We could go and visit Sue, seeing that we have to drive past her house anyway.

Seeing that is used in informal English. Some people also use seeing as in informal speech. 

2.   For, in that, inasmuch as (formal) 

o    We must begin planning now, for the future may bring unexpected changes. 

o    The film is unusual in that there are only four actors in it. 

o    Clara and I have quite an easy life, inasmuch as neither of us has to work too hard but we earn quite a lot of money. 

3.   Because of, due to, owing to  o Because of is used before a noun or noun phrase: We won't be able to come because of the bad weather. 

o    Due to: She was unable to run due to a leg injury. 

o    Owing to (not after the verb be): We have less money to spent owing to budget cuts. 

4.   For and with  o For has a similar meaning to because of: She was looking all better for her stay in hospital. 

o    With has a similar meaning to 'because there is/are': With so many people ill, I've decided to cancel the meeting. 

Purpose

1.   So (that)  o So that is usually followed by can, could, will or would: The police locked the door so that no-one could get on. 

2.   Infinitive of purpose  o Jack went to England to study engineering. 

3.   In order to, so as to  o These are more formal ways of expressing purpose: Scientists used only local materials, in order to/so as to save money. 

4.   For  o For describes how something is used: This button is for starting the engine. 

Result

1.   So/such + adjective + that  o Jim was so tall (that) he hit his head on the ceiling.  o Helen is such a busy person (that) she never feels bored. 

2.   So much/many/few/little + noun +that  o There were so many passengers (that) we couldn't find a

seat. 

3.   Too + adjective + to  o The table was far too heavy to lift. 

4.   Not + adjective + enough  o The table was not light enough to lift. 

Contrast

1.   Although, though, even though, while, whereas  o Though can come at the end of a sentence, although cannot: Although I asked her, she didn't come./I asked her, (but) she didn't come, though. 

o    Even though is more emphatic: Even though I asked her, she didn't come. (Which was surprising.) 

o    While and whereas are rather formal. They contrast opposite ideas: While United were fast and accurate, City were slow and careless. 

2.   However  o This is more common in formal speech and writing: It's cheap. However, I don't like it./I don't like it, however. 

3.   Nevertheless 

o This is a very formal way of expressing however: Smith says he is oor. Nevertheless, he has bought a new car. 

4. Despite and in spite of  o They can be followed by nouns (or gerunds), and not by clauses: Despite losing, we celebrated. In spite of the rain, we went out.  

reporting verbs

the passive voice

This video will show you the passive voice, used in newspaper articles about a bank robbery. It will then explain why the passive voice is used, and how it's formed. 

Instructions: Rewrite the sentences as comments in passive voice.

1. I can answer the question. - 
2. She would carry the box. - 
3. You should open the window. - 
4. We might play cards. - 
5. You ought to wash the car. - 
6. He must fill in the form. - 
7. They need not buy bread. - 

verbs of the sences

verbs of the sences

past modals

Must have, can't have, couldn't have:  expressing past probability
Structure: modal verb + have + past participle must have been, can't have gone, couldn't have gone, etc.
We use must have to express that we feel sure that something was true in the past.	They must have left early. He must have already gone.
We use can't have or couldn't have to say that we believe something was impossible in the past.	He can't have escaped through this window – it’s too small. She can't have said that. She couldn't have said that.

May / might / could have: expressing past probability
Structure: modal + have + past participle may have been, could have gone, might have lost, etc.
We use may have, could have,might have to say that it was possible that something happened in the past (but we are not 100% sure).	He may have missed the bus. The road might have beenblocked. (= ‘I think the road was blocked, but I’m not 100% sure.’)
The negatives are may not haveand might not have. We don’tuse couldn’t have in the same way.	He may not have left yet. I might not have given her the money; I’m not sure. I could not have given her the money, I’m not sure.

Intruction: write an advice as comments for each one of the situations.

1. My girlfriend/boyfriend is going to make dinner for me, and she/he is an awful cook! What should I say?	5. There’s some money left on a table after everyone leaves class. What should I do?
2. If I arrive at class 30 minutes late, should I go in?	6. I just met my sister’s new boyfriend. He’s very impolite, and I don’t like him. What should I say to her?
3. I didn’t pass my test today. What should I do?	7. My boyfriend/girlfriend just broke up with me. What should I do?
4. It’s very cold today. What should I wear?	8. I want a pet, but I don’t know what kind to get. What kind of pet do you recommend?